Electrolyte Density Detection using Plasma-Modified FP Cavity Sensor for Lead-Acid Battery Health Management

Authors

  • Ruiting Li China-Belarus Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Intelligent Perception in Extreme Environments, Shandong Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensing Technologies, International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Author
  • Faqian Liu China-Belarus Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Intelligent Perception in Extreme Environments, Shandong Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensing Technologies, International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Author
  • Mengchao Gao China-Belarus Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Intelligent Perception in Extreme Environments, Shandong Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensing Technologies, International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Author
  • Duo Chen China-Belarus Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Intelligent Perception in Extreme Environments/Shandong Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensing Technologies, International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Author
  • Hao Mi China-Belarus Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Intelligent Perception in Extreme Environments, Shandong Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensing Technologies, International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Author
  • Zhen Zhang China-Belarus Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Intelligent Perception in Extreme Environments, Shandong Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensing Technologies, International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63174/xdi.LHDR8582

Keywords:

Lead-acid battery, Electrolyte density, Fiber optic FP sensor, Oxygen plasma modification, Bubble interference, Nylon mesh packaging

Abstract

In-situ density monitoring of lead-acid battery electrolytes faces challenges from bubble adhesion, turbidity, and high temperatures. This study presents a fiber optic Fabry-Perot (FP) sensor featuring an oxygen plasma-modified superhydrophilic probe encased in a 300-mesh nylon package. The superhydrophilic surface prevents bubble adhesion by promoting rapid liquid spreading, while the nylon mesh filters suspended impurities and mitigates hydrodynamic turbulence. Experimental results demonstrate excellent stability over 19 days at 45°C, with fluctuations ≤0.005 g/cm³. Under conditions of vigorous bubble evolution and impurity stirring, the composite design reduces measurement error from >0.05 g/cm³ to <0.01 g/cm³. This robust sensing scheme offers a reliable solution for the life-cycle health management of lead-acid batteries.

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Published

2026-03-18

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Ruiting Li, Faqian Liu, Mengchao Gao, Duo Chen, Hao Mi, Zhen Zhang (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Articles published in X-Disciplinarity are open access and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Under this license, authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right to publish the work while allowing others to copy and share it for non-commercial purposes, provided that appropriate credit is given and the work is not altered or transformed.

How to Cite

(1)
Electrolyte Density Detection Using Plasma-Modified FP Cavity Sensor for Lead-Acid Battery Health Management. XDI 2026, 2 (1), 3. https://doi.org/10.63174/xdi.LHDR8582.